Israel-Hamas War The Arab World

Key Findings:

This explainer analyzes the varied responses of key Arab states to the ongoing Israel-Hamas conflict, shaped by their distinct political relationships with Israel, the Palestinian territories, and international stakeholders. The responses of these states reflect a complex interplay of domestic pressures, geopolitical ambitions, and longstanding regional dynamics. While some have escalated criticism of Israel, others continue to balance their strategic ties with Israel and their support for Palestinian causes.

Jordan

Jordan has been vocally critical of Israel since the October 7 attacks, emphasizing Israeli provocations and the need for de-escalation. King Abdullah and top officials have condemned Israel’s actions in Gaza as "collective punishment.” Jordan has taken steps like recalling its ambassador from Israel and halting a joint water-for-energy project, reflecting strained ties with Israel. Domestically, Jordan faces pressures due to its significant Palestinian population. Despite its rhetoric, Jordan remains aligned with the U.S. and may play a key role if efforts to restore Palestinian Authority governance in Gaza move forward.

Egypt

Egypt has maintained contact with both Israel and Hamas, focusing on de-escalation and humanitarian efforts, given its proximity to Gaza. It has mediated between the two sides, facilitating the release of hostages and the passage of aid. While wary of Hamas, Egypt has historically blockaded Gaza and continues to manage its border cautiously, balancing its strategic interests and regional stability.

Qatar

Qatar has a dual role as a U.S. ally and a supporter of Hamas. It facilitates humanitarian aid to Gaza and serves as a mediator in negotiations, including hostage releases. While its public stance is critical of Israel, Qatar has played a significant diplomatic role in easing tensions and coordinating temporary pauses in hostilities. Qatar’s influence in Gaza makes its role indispensable in the conflict, despite its ambivalent relationship with Israel. Unlike other Sunni Arab countries, Qatar stands to lose influence in Gaza if Israel succeeds in dismantling Hamas.

UAE

A signatory of the Abraham Accords, the UAE has strong ties with Israel but has grown more critical as the Gaza conflict escalates. It initially condemned Hamas but later criticized Israel’s actions in Gaza, calling for a ceasefire. While supporting Palestinian statehood rhetorically, the UAE continues to maintain diplomatic relations with Israel and views normalization as a long-term strategic priority.

Bahrain

Bahrain, also part of the Abraham Accords, condemned Hamas’ October 7 attacks but has been more critical of Israel than the UAE. It recalled its ambassador and suspended economic ties with Israel, reflecting both public pressure and a pro-Palestinian domestic constituency. Despite tensions, Bahrain maintains its formal ties with Israel, influenced by its alignment with Saudi Arabia.

Saudi Arabia

The Israel-Saudi normalization process has stalled due to the conflict, as Saudi leaders condemn Israel’s actions in Gaza while hosting Iranian and Russian officials. Saudi Arabia remains opposed to Hamas, viewing it as aligned with the Muslim Brotherhood. Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman has indicated normalization could resume post-conflict if tied to progress on Palestinian statehood.