2023 Online Holocaust Denial Report Card

Key Findings:

(1) Widespread Inaction and Poor Enforcement

Despite existing policies prohibiting Holocaust denial, the report found that many platforms fail to enforce them effectively. Some companies explicitly ban Holocaust denial but do little to remove violative content, while others lack any formal policies addressing the issue.

Facebook (Meta) received a C-minus grade. While Facebook prohibits Holocaust denial, enforcement remains inconsistent, and content removal rates are low. Twitter (now X) received a D-minus, reflecting a significant decline in content moderation following Elon Musk’s acquisition, which led to policy rollbacks and staff reductions in content moderation teams. YouTube and TikTok received mixed ratings, with inconsistencies in enforcement even though they officially prohibit Holocaust denial. Twitch and Reddit scored higher, as their moderation systems appeared more proactive in removing antisemitic content.

In some cases, reported Holocaust denial posts remained online, demonstrating that platforms either fail to act on user reports or do not prioritize such content as violating their policies.

(2) Understanding Holocaust Denial as an Antisemitic Conspiracy Theory

Holocaust denial falsely claims that the Holocaust never happened, was exaggerated, or was fabricated by Jews for political or financial gain. These narratives are rooted in classic antisemitic tropes, including the idea that Jews manipulate historical events for their own benefit. Holocaust denial is often used as a recruitment tool by extremist groups, radicalizing individuals into broader antisemitic and far-right ideologies.

(3) The Role of Social Media in Spreading Holocaust Denial

Social media algorithms prioritize engagement, often pushing users toward increasingly radical content. Misinformation spreads rapidly, especially in closed or lightly moderated spaces, such as private groups, encrypted messaging apps, and fringe platforms. Mainstream platforms, despite having more moderation resources, still struggle to effectively contain the spread of Holocaust denial. These factors contribute to an online ecosystem where Holocaust denial continues to thrive, despite formal policies against it.

(4) Recommendations for Digital Platforms

-Platforms should fully enforce their existing policies and remove Holocaust denial content more effectively.

-Companies should simplify and enhance reporting systems, making it easier for users to flag Holocaust denial content.

-Platforms should publicly share data on content removals, enforcement rates, and algorithmic amplification of misinformation.

-A combination of automated detection and human review is needed to prevent Holocaust denial content from spreading.

-Companies must monitor and address Holocaust denial in private groups and messaging apps, where such content often flourishes.

-Social media companies should work with Holocaust historians, researchers, and antisemitism watchdogs to refine policies and prevent misinformation.